Nutrients. 2025 Aug 20;17(16):2699. doi: 10.3390/nu17162699.

ABSTRACT

Background/Objectives: Long-term obesity management consistently fails due to two major barriers: poor adherence, exacerbated by ultra-processed foods with addictive potential, and post-weight loss metabolic adaptation that reduces energy expenditure by approximately 500 kcal/day. Current paradigms-static diets and GLP-1 receptor agonists-address these barriers only partially. The objectives of this thesis-driven review are: (1) to conduct a focused evidence-mapping of Ketogenic-Mediterranean Diet (KMD) protocols; (2) to analyze why existing protocols have not explicitly countered metabolic adaptation; and (3) to present the Adaptive Ketogenic-Mediterranean Protocol (AKMP). Methods: Hybrid methodology-an argumentative narrative review anchored by a structured evidence-mapping search (PRISMA-style flow for transparency). Results: We identified 29 studies implementing KMD protocols with significant weight loss and superior adherence. However, none of the published protocols explicitly implement anti-adaptive strategies, despite an estimated ketogenic metabolic advantage (≈100-300 kcal/day), context-dependent and more consistently observed in longer trials and during weight-maintenance settings. Conclusions: Unlike GLP-1 receptor agonists-which primarily suppress appetite, require ongoing pharmacotherapy, and do not directly mitigate the decline in energy expenditure-the AKMP couples a Mediterranean foundation for adherence with a ketogenic metabolic advantage and a biomarker-guided adjustment system explicitly designed to counter metabolic adaptation, aiming to improve the durability of weight loss and patient self-management. As a theoretical construct, the AKMP requires confirmation in prospective, controlled studies; accordingly, we outline a pragmatic 24-week pilot design in “Pragmatic Pilot Trial to Validate the AKMP-Incretin Sequencing”.

PMID:40871728 | PMC:PMC12389659 | DOI:10.3390/nu17162699

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